3D Printing Filaments for Beginners: PLA, PETG, ABS and TPU

Filament is the plastic that FDM printers melt to make objects. Different filaments behave very differently, and the right one depends on what your part needs to do. Here is a plain-language overview of the common ones.

PLA: the usual starting point

PLA is widely used by beginners because it is forgiving, prints at relatively low temperatures and is supported by almost every printer. It suits decorative models, prototypes and many everyday objects. It is not the best choice for parts that will sit in strong heat, such as a closed car in summer, because it can soften.

PETG: tougher and more flexible

PETG is a common step up when you want a tougher part that tolerates a bit more stress and some moisture. It can leave fine strands ("stringing") if settings are not tuned, so expect some trial and error.

ABS and ASA: strong, heat-tolerant, more demanding

ABS and ASA are used for sturdier, more heat-tolerant parts. They tend to warp as they cool, so they usually need an enclosed printer, and they release fumes when printed. Print them in a well-ventilated space and follow the filament maker's safety information. ASA is chosen when parts will be outdoors, because it handles sunlight better than ABS.

TPU: flexible material

TPU is rubber-like and used for flexible items such as protective covers or grips. It generally prints slower and can be harder to feed through some printers, so check that your printer supports it.

Advanced materials

Nylon, polycarbonate and filaments with added fibers can make very strong parts, but they often need higher temperatures, special nozzles, a dry environment and more experience. They are not first-month materials.

Storing filament

Many filaments absorb moisture from the air, and wet filament can print poorly. Keep spools sealed in a container or bag with a desiccant when you are not printing, and avoid leaving open spools in humid rooms.

A short checklist

1. Check which materials your printer supports before you buy filament.
2. Use the temperature range printed on the spool or listed by the maker, not a number from a random forum post.
3. Start with PLA, learn your printer, then add a second material when a project needs it.
4. Buy small quantities of a new material first.
5. Read the maker's safety data sheet for anything that releases fumes.

For more, see 3D printer safety at home and the true cost of 3D printing.

General information only. Material properties vary by manufacturer; follow the instructions for your specific filament and printer.